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The    Pristiphora   ruficornis    group, defined here based on the structure of the penis valve and the genetic data, includes morphologically and genetically highly similar species that remain taxonomically challenging. Study of most of the relevant type material, examination of female saws and male genitalia, some rearing experiments, and genetic data enabled us to solve most of the taxonomic problems involving northern European taxa. As a result, 17 species are recognised in northern Europe. The following synonymies are proposed:    Pristiphora   aterrima    Lindqvist, 1977,  syn. n.  is synonymised with    P.   albitibia    (Costa, 1859),    P.   brunniapex    Lindqvist, 1960,  syn. n.  and    P.   coniceps    Lindqvist, 1955,  syn. n.  both with    P.   subopaca    Lindqvist, 1955,    Nematus   vitreipennis    Eversmann in Kawall, 1864,  syn. n.  ( nomen oblitum ) with    P.   leucopus    (Hellén, 1948) ( nomen protectum ), and   Nematus  ( Pristiphora )  ruficornis   var.   integer   Hellén, 1948,  syn. n.  with    P.   ruficornis    (Olivier, 1811). Lectotypes are designated for the following taxa:    Nematus   appendiculatus    Hartig, 1837,    Nematus   cathoraticus    Förster, 1854,   Nematus  ( Pristiphora )  bifidus   Hellén, 1948,    Nematus   frigidus    Boheman, 1865,    Pristiphora   adelungi    Konow, 1902,    Nematus   vitreipennis    Eversmann in Kawall, 1864,    Nematus   melanocarpus    Hartig, 1840,    Nematus   wuestneii    Stein, 1885,    Pristiphora   pusilla    Malaise, 1921, and    Nematus   fraxini    Hartig, 1837. An illustrated electronic key made with Lucid and a traditional dichotomous key are provided to facilitate identification of the species. In addition we report the first occurrence of distinctly asymmetrical penis valves in    Pristiphora    (in    P.   pusilla   ), a condition rarely observed in   Hymenoptera  .

North-Western Palaearctic species of the Pristiphora ruficornis group ( Hymenoptera , Tenthredinidae )