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Herbivory significantly impacts the growth and reproduction of plants. Many plants have developed ways to defend against herbivores and one common strategy is to associate with ants. In many ant-plant interactions, ants are known to protect their host. However, in the Neotropical ant-plant genus    Triplaris   , the benefits provided by associated ants have never been tested. Many    Pseudomyrmex    spp. ants are obligate inhabitants of    Triplaris    spp. trees. In this study,    Triplaris   americana    was studied in association with    Pseudomyrmex   dendroicus   , an ant highly specific to its host (it has not been collected from any other species of    Triplaris   ). Ant exclusion experiments were carried out to assess the protective effect of ants. In addition, ant behavior was monitored in control plants to study the mechanisms by which ants might confer protection against herbivory. Ant removal led to a more than 15-fold increase in herbivory.    Pseudomyrmex   dendroicus    are active at all times of day and night and aggressively and efficiently remove insect herbivores from their host.

journal of hymenoptera research

Protection against herbivory in the mutualism between    Pseudomyrmex   dendroicus    (  Formicidae  ) and    Triplaris   americana    (  Polygonaceae  )