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Our study investigates the host exploitation strategies of    Eurytoma   serratulae    and    E.   robusta    (  Chalcidoidea  ,   Eurytomidae  ), two parasitoid species that co-occur in gall populations of the tephritid    Urophora   cardui    on    Cirsium    spp. The endoparasitoid    E.   serratulae    detects the host larvae before an externally visible gall is formed. It profits from large galls, as its parasitization rate increases with increasing numbers of chambers per gall. Oviposition by the ectoparasitoid    E.   robusta    does not occur until a distinct gall with chambers has been formed. Its parasitization rate reaches highest values in medium-sized galls.    Eurytoma   robusta    is the dominant parasitoid in host populations with low and moderate gall densities, whereas    E.   serratulae    is the superior exploiter of host populations with high gall densities. Within single galls    E.   robusta    is an important hyperparasitoid of    E.   serratulae   , but    E.   serratulae    has no adverse influence on    E.   robusta   . Parasitism by    E.   serratulae    induces host larvae to promote gall growth, an effect that is profitable to both the parasitoid and the remaining host larvae in the gall. Parasitism by    E.   robusta    often leads to smaller galls, as cases of unsuccessful parasitization result in empty gall cells.

journal of hymenoptera research

Eurytoma   serratulae    and    E.   robusta    (  Hymenoptera  ,   Eurytomidae  ): complementary host exploitation strategies of coexisting parasitoids and their impact on the host    Urophora   cardui