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The first instar nymphs of two peltoperlid stoneflies, i.e.,    Microperla   brevicauda    Kawai, 1958 of   Microperlinae   and    Yoraperla   uenoi    (Kohno, 1946) of   Peltoperlinae  , were examined and described. Additionally, the phylogeny and groundplan of the first instar nymphs of   Peltoperlidae   and   Plecoptera   were considered. The first instar nymphs of    M.   brevicauda    have a slender body with a prognathous head of typical shape; they represent a groundplan in   Plecoptera  . On the other hand, the first instar nymphs of    Y.   uenoi    have a broad, cockroach-like body with an orthognathous and shortened head, the latter being regarded as a potential autapomorphy of   Peltoperlinae  . Such differences in body shape between the subfamilies are speculated to arise from heterochrony. The three-segmented cerci of    Y.   uenoi    are characteristic to   Systellognatha  , whereas the four-segmented cerci of    M.   brevicauda    were independently acquired within   Microperlinae  . The structure and distribution pattern of chloride cells in the first instar nymphs of   Plecoptera   were also discussed. The presence of coniform chloride cells is a potential groundplan of   Arctoperlaria  . One to two pairs of chloride cells are distributed on the first nine abdominal segments of    M.   brevicauda   ; this represents a groundplan character of   Systellognatha  . On the other hand, one to four pairs of chloride cells are found on the second to ninth abdominal segments of    Y.   uenoi   ; this distribution pattern may be an apomorphic groundplan of   Peltoperlinae  .

First instar nymphs of two peltoperlid stoneflies ( Insecta , Plecoptera , Peltoperlidae )