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Karyotypes and chromosomal characteristics of both minor and major rDNAs in four fish species known popularly as “lambaris”, namely    Astyanax   abramis    (Jenyns, 1842),    Astyanax   asuncionensis    Géry, 1972,    Astyanax   correntinus    (Holmberg, 1891) and    Astyanax    sp. collected from downstream of the Iguassu Falls (Middle Paraná River basin), preservation area of the Iguassu National Park, were analyzed by conventional and molecular protocols.    A.   abramis    had diploid chromosome number 2n=50 (4 m +30 sm +8 st +8 a ) and single AgNORs (pair 22),    A.   asuncionensis    had 2n=50 (8 m +24 sm +6 st +12 a ) and single AgNORs (pair 20),    Astyanax    sp. had 2n=50 (4 m +26 sm +8 st +12 a ) and single AgNORs (pair 25), and    A.   correntinus    had 2n=36 (12 m +16 sm +2 st +6 a ) and multiple AgNORs (pairs 12, 15, 16, 17). FISH with 18S rDNA showed a single site for    A.   abramis   ,    A.   asuncionensis    and    Astyanax    sp. and multiple for    A.   correntinus    (14 sites). FISH with 5S rDNA showed single 5S-bearing loci chromosome pair only for    A.   asuncionensis    and multiple for    A.   abramis    (four sites),    A.   correntinus    (five sites) and    Astyanax    sp. (four sites). Distinct distribution patterns of heterochromatin were observed for karyotypes of all species, with the exception of the first acrocentric chromosome pair characterized by centromeric, interstitial-proximal and telomeric blocks of heterochromatin on the long arm, which may represent homeology between karyotypes of    A.   abramis    and    A.   asuncionensis   . Our study showed species-specific characteristics which can serve in diagnosis and differentiation between    A.   abramis    and    A.   asuncionensis   , considered cryptic species, as well as strengthening the occurrence of a species of    Astyanax    not yet described taxonomically. In addition, the data obtained from first cytogenetic studies in    A.   correntinus    suggest a high similarity with    A.   schubarti    Britski, 1964, suggesting that these species may belong to the same morphological group and that can be phylogenetically related.

comparative cytogenetics

Basic cytogenetics and physical mapping of ribosomal genes in four    Astyanax    species (  Characiformes  ,   Characidae  ) collected in Middle Paraná River, Iguassu National Park: considerations on taxonomy and systematics of the genus