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The catfish family   Heptapteridae   (order   Siluriformes  ) is endemic to the Neotropics and is one of the most common of the fish families in small bodies of water. Although over 200 species have been identified in this family, very few have been characterized cytogenetically. Here, we analyze the chromosome genomes of four species of   Heptapteridae  :    Cetopsorhamdia   iheringi    (Schubart &amp; Gomes, 1959), 2n = 58, comprising 28 metacentric (m) + 26 submetacentric (sm) + 4 subtelomeric (st) chromosomes;    Pimelodella   vittata    (Lütken, 1874), 2n = 46, comprising 16m + 22sm + 8st;   Rhamdia   prope   quelen   (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1824), 2n = 58 comprising 26m + 16sm + 14st + 2 acrocentric; and   Rhamdiopsis   prope   microcephala   (Lütken, 1874), 2n = 56, comprising 12m + 30sm + 14st. The nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were located in a single chromosome pair in all species. The two species that belonged to the subclade    Nemuroglanis   ,    C.   iheringi    and   R.   prope   quelen  , had a diploid chromosome number of 58 and an interstitial NOR adjacent to a C +  block located on one of the larger chromosome pairs in the complement. Our results from conventional cytogenetic techniques in combination with FISH using 18S and 5S rDNA probes corroborated the taxonomical hypothesis for the formation of the    Nemuroglanis    subclade.

Cytogenetic study of heptapterids ( Teleostei , Siluriformes ) with particular respect to the Nemuroglanis subclade