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The study presents data on the karyotype characteristics and the mitochondrial gene COI sequences of the non-biting midge    Chironomus   bonus    Shilova et sDzhvarsheishvili 1974 (  Diptera    Chironomidae  ) from the South Caucasus. The species belongs to the    Ch.   plumosus    group of sibling species one of the most widespread and successful groups in the genus    Chironomus    Meigen 1803. The karyotype of the studied population is monomorphic. The morphological and chromosomal characteristics of    Ch.   bonus    from the Caucasus are similar to those previously described for this species (Kiknadze et al. 1991a). In the phylogenetic tree based on the COI gene sequences one can observe several clear clusters. We named them Palearctic    Ch.   plumosusFar Eastern    Ch.   borokensis   -   Ch.   suwai    and Nearctic    Ch.   entis   -   Ch.   plumosus    clusters. The calculated K2P genetic distances within each cluster have not exceeded the 3% threshold for the genus    Chironomus   . Contrary to this the distances between the clusters exceed this range and correspond to separate species. The    Ch.   bonus    sequences belong to the cluster consisting of    Ch.   plumosus    (Linnaeus 1758) sequences from European populationsand do not form a separate clade of the phylogenetic tree. One can suppose that the origin of the    Ch.   plumosus    group of sibling species dates back to 5.75–3.43 million years ago (Mya)the epochs of Late Miocene (7,3–5,3 Mya) and early Pliocene (5,3–2,58 Mya). On the other hand Palearctic    Ch.   plumosus    Far Eastern    Ch.   borokensis   -   Ch.   suwai    and Nearctic    Ch.   entis   -   Ch.   plumosus    clusters appeared relatively recently in the Middle Pleistocene1.288–0.307 Mya. The possible relationship between the climate changes in the Pliocene and the origin of the    Ch.   plumosus    group are discussed.   Chironomidae

comparative cytogenetics

﻿Karyotype characteristics and gene COI sequences of    Chironomus   bonus    Shilova et Dzhvarsheishvili, 1974 (  Diptera  ,   Chironomidae  ) from the South Caucasus (Republic of Georgia, Paravani river)

﻿Karyotype characteristics and gene COI sequences of Chironomus bonus Shilova et Dzhvarsheishvili, 1974 ( Diptera , Chironomidae ) from the South Caucasus (Republic of Georgia, Paravani river)

Karyotype characteristics and gene COI sequences of Chironomus bonus Shilova et Dzhvarsheishvili, 1974 ( Diptera , Chironomidae ) from the South Caucasus (Republic of Georgia, Paravani river)