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South American frogs of the genus    Eupsophus    Fitzinger, 1843 comprise 10 species. Two of them,    Eupsophus   vertebralis    Grandison, 1961 and    E.   emiliopugini    Formas, 1989 belong to the    Eupsophus   vertebralis    group, exhibiting 2n = 28. Fundamental number differences between these species have been described using conventional chromosome staining of few specimens from only two localities. Here, classical techniques (Giemsa, C-banding, CMA 3 /DAPI banding, and  Ag-NOR  staining), and fluorescence  in situ  hybridization ( FISH , with telomeric and 28S ribosomal probes), were applied on individuals of both species collected from 15 localities. We corroborate differences in fundamental numbers ( FN ) between    E.   vertebralis    and    E.   emiliopugini    through Giemsa staining and C-banding ( FN  = 54 and 56, respectively). No interstitial fluorescent signals, but clearly stained telomeric regions were detected by  FISH  using telomeric probe over spreads from both species.  FISH  with 28S rDNA probes and  Ag-NOR  staining confirmed the active nucleolus organizer regions signal on pair 5 for both species. Nevertheless, one    E.   emiliopugini    individual from the Puyehue locality exhibited 28S ribosomal signals on pairs 4 and 5. Interestingly, only one chromosome of each pair showed  Ag-NOR  positive signals, showing a nucleolar dominance pattern. Chromosomal rearrangements, rRNA gene dosage control, mobile  NORs  elements, and/or species hybridization process could be involved in this interpopulation chromosomal variation.

comparative cytogenetics

Comparative cytogenetics of the ground frogs    Eupsophus   emiliopugini    Formas, 1989 and    E.   vertebralis    Grandison, 1961 (  Alsodidae  ) with comments on their inter- and intraspecific chromosome differentiation