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Pipidae   is a clade of   Anura   that diverged relatively early from other frogs in the phylogeny of the group. Pipids have a unique combination of morphological features, some of which appear to represent a mix of adaptations to aquatic life and plesiomorphic characters of   Anura  . The present study describes the karyotype of    Pipa   carvalhoi    Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, including morphology, heterochromatin distribution, and location of the  NOR  site. The diploid number of    P.   carvalhoi    is 2n=20, including three metacentric pairs (1, 4, 8), two submetacentric (2 and 7), three subtelocentric (3, 5, 6), and two telocentric pairs (9 and 10). C-banding detected centromeric blocks of heterochromatin in all chromosome pairs and the  NOR  detected in chromosome pair 9, as confirmed by  FISH  using the rDNA 28S probe. The telomeric probes indicated the presence of interstitial telomeric sequences ( ITSs ), primarily in the centromeric region of the chromosomes, frequently associated with heterochromatin, suggesting that these repeats are a significant component of this region. The findings of the present study provide important insights for the understanding of the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution in the genus    Pipa   , and the diversification of the   Pipidae   as a whole.

Chromosome spreading of the (TTAGGG)n repeats in the Pipa carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937 ( Pipidae , Anura ) karyotype