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The genus    Arachis    Linnaeus, 1753 comprises four species with  x  = 9, three belong to the section   Arachis  :    Arachis   praecox    (Krapov. W.C. Greg. &amp; Valls, 1994),    Arachis   palustris    (Krapov. W.C. Greg. &amp; Valls, 1994) and    Arachis   decora    (Krapov. W.C. Greg. &amp; Valls, 1994) and only one belongs to the section   Erectoides  :    Arachis   porphyrocalyx    (Valls &amp; C.E. Simpson, 2005). Recently, the  x  = 9 species of section   Arachis   have been assigned to G genome, the latest described so far. The genomic relationship of    A.   porphyrocalyx    with these species is controversial. In the present work, we carried out a karyotypic characterisation of    A.   porphyrocalyx    to evaluate its genomic structure and analyse the origin of all  x  = 9    Arachis    species.    Arachis   porphyrocalyx    showed a karyotype formula of 14m+4st, one pair of A chromosomes, satellited chromosomes type 8, one pair of 45S rDNA sites in the  SAT  chromosomes, one pair of 5S rDNA sites and pericentromeric C- DAPI + bands in all chromosomes. Karyotype structure indicates that    A.   porphyrocalyx    does not share the same genome type with the other three  x  = 9 species and neither with the remaining   Erectoides   species. Taking into account the geographic distribution, morphological and cytogenetic features, the origin of species with  x  = 9 of the genus    Arachis    cannot be unique; instead, they originated at least twice in the evolutionary history of the genus.

comparative cytogenetics

Genomic characterisation of    Arachis   porphyrocalyx    (Valls &amp; C.E. Simpson, 2005) (  Leguminosae  ): multiple origin of    Arachis    species with x = 9