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We used conventional cytogenetic techniques (Giemsa, C-banding, Ag-NOR), and fluorescent  in situ  hybridization ( FISH ) with 5S and 18S rDNA probes to investigate the karyotype and cytogenetic characteristics of    Ichthyoelephas   humeralis    (Günther, 1860) from Ecuador. The specimens studied have a karyotype with 2n=54 biarmed chromosomes (32 M + 22  SM ) and C-positive heterochromatin located on the centromeric, pericentromeric, interstitial, and terminal regions of some chromosomes. The nucleolus organizer regions occurred terminally on the long arm of chromosome pair 2.  FISH  confirmed the presence of only one 18S rDNA cluster with nonsyntenic localization with the 5S rDNA. Cytogenetic data allow us to refute the earlier morphological hypothesis of a sister relationship between    Semaprochilodus    Fowler, 1941 and    Ichthyoelephas    Posada Arango, 1909 and support the molecular proposal that    Ichthyoelephas    is a sister group to the monophyletic clade containing    Prochilodus    Agassiz, 1829 and    Semaprochilodus   .

comparative cytogenetics

First cytogenetic analysis of    Ichthyoelephas   humeralis    (Günther, 1860) by conventional and molecular methods with comments on the karyotypic evolution in   Prochilodontidae