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Euphorbia    Linnaeus, 1753 (  Euphorbiaceae  ) is one of the most diverse and complex genera among the angiosperms, showing a huge diversity in morphologic traits and ecologic patterns. In order to improve the knowledge of the karyotype organization of    Euphorbia   hirta    (2n = 18) and    E.   hyssopifolia    (2n = 12), cytogenetic studies were performed by means of conventional staining with Giemsa, genome size estimations with flow cytometry, heterochromatin differentiation with chromomycin A 3  ( CMA ) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ( DAPI ) and Giemsa C-banding, fluorescent  in situ  hybridization ( FISH ) with 45S and 5S rDNA probes, and impregnation with silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). Our results revealed small metacentric chromosomes,  CMA  + / DAPI  0  heterochromatin in the pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes and  CMA  + / DAPI  −  in the distal part of chromosome arms carriers of nucleolar organizing regions ( NORs ). The DNA content measurements revealed small genomes for both species:    E.   hirta    with 2C = 0.77 pg and    E.   hyssopifolia    with 2C = 1.41 pg. After  FISH  procedures,    E.   hirta   , and    E.   hyssopifolia    presented three and four pairs of terminal 45S rDNA sites, respectively, colocalizing with  CMA  +  heterochromatic blocks, besides only one interstitial pair of 5S rDNA signals. Additionally, the maximum number of active  NORs  agreed with the total number of observed 45S rDNA sites. This work represents the first analysis using  FISH  in the subfamily   Euphorbioideae  , revealing a significant number of chromosomal markers, which may be very helpful to understand evolutionary patterns among    Euphorbia    species.

comparative cytogenetics

Unraveling the karyotype structure of the spurges    Euphorbia   hirta    Linnaeus, 1753 and    E.   hyssopifolia    Linnaeus, 1753 (  Euphorbiaceae  ) using genome size estimation and heterochromatin differentiation