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Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has become the primary target molecule for phylogenetic reconstruction and the cultivation-independent detection and quantification of microorganisms (barcoding). With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies (Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), PCR-based amplicon sequencing of rDNA fragments for diversity screening is now a routine technology, at least in environmental sciences. The resulting exponential increase of publicly available rDNA sequences demands specialized reference databases (Fig.  1 ).SILVA  (from Latin  silva , meaning forest) is designed to provide a comprehensive web resource for up-to-date, quality-controlled databases of aligned rDNA sequences from the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota  domains and the corresponding online services ( Glöckner et al. 2017 ,  Quast et al. 2012 ).The current SILVA database (release 132) contains 6,073,181 small subunit and 907,382 large subunit rRNA gene sequences. All sequences are checked for anomalies, carry a rich set of sequence-associated contextual information, multiple taxonomic classifications ( EMBL-EBI/ENA ,  RDP  and  GTDB ) and the latest validly-described nomenclature. SILVA maintains manually curated reference alignments of 75,000 ribosomal RNA genes, both 16S/18S (small subunit, SSU) and 23S/28S (large subunit, LSU). With every full release, a manually curated guide tree is provided that contains the latest taxonomy and nomenclature based on multiple references.SILVA is the only rDNA database project worldwide where special emphasis is given to the consistent naming of clades of uncultivated (environmental) sequences where no validly-described cultivated representative is available ( Yilmaz et al. 2014 ). SILVA incorporates other unique features, including a comprehensive 23S/28S database of aligned rDNA sequences and alignments that contain Eukaryota sequences.SILVA is an active partner of  RNACentral . RNAcentral is a public resource that offers integrated access to a comprehensive and up-to-date set of non-coding RNA sequences provided by a collaborating group of Expert Databases. The SILVA team is a member of the  Bergey’s Board of Trustees  which provides the authoritative taxonomy for  Bacteria  and  Archaea  as well as the Protist Reference Taxonomy Project  UniEuk  funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to create a unified taxonomic frameworkIn 2018 SILVA became an  ELIXIR Core Data Resource . ELIXIR Core Data Resources are a set of European data resources of fundamental importance to the wider life-science community and the long-term preservation of biological data.To facilitate classification tasks for high-throughput rDNA data the  SILVAngs  has been implemented and released in 2013. SILVAngs is a data analysis service for rDNA reads from high-throughput sequencing (NGS) approaches based on an automatic software pipeline. It uses the SILVA rDNA databases, taxonomies, and alignments as a reference. It facilitates the classification of rDNA reads and provides a wealth of results (tables, graphs and sequence files) for download. SILVAngs serves several thousands of registered users, which processes thousands of projects per year.The application spectrum of the SILVA databases ranges from environmental sciences, microbiology, agriculture, biochemistry, biotechnology to medicine in academia and industry.

The SILVA Database Project: An ELIXIR core data resource for high-quality ribosomal RNA sequences