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In the environmental risk assessment ( ERA ) of genetically modified plants ( GMP ), the consideration of the different environments where genetically modified plants ( GMP ) will be commercially grown (the receiving environments) plays a crucial role. In addition, relevant protection goals which may be adversely affected by the  GMP  have to be considered during the  ERA . Using a literature- and GIS-based approach, distribution data of protected lepidopteran species listed in Council Directive 92/43/EEC and of maize cultivation was used in order to evaluate potential spatial overlaps between GM maize and protected non-target   Lepidoptera   in different biogeographical regions ( BGR ) of the  EU . Each  BGR  has its peculiarity regarding maize cultivation and the distribution of protected butterflies. The lepidopteran fauna of the Pannonian  BGR  is particularly sensitive due to large maize cultivation shares and wide distribution of protected butterflies within this  BGR . For the  BGRs  evaluated potential, spatial exposures of protected butterflies to GM maize cannot be excluded. This study shows that the suggested approach is a useful tool for the consideration of  EU -wide protected species in different receiving environments during the problem formulation of the  ERA  of  GMPs .

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Spatial analysis of the occurrence of protected butterflies in six European biogeographic regions as a tool for the environmental risk assessment of  Bt  maize