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Microorganisms thrive nearly everywhere including extreme environments where few other forms of life can exist. Geochemistry of extreme sites plays a major role in shaping these microbial communities and microbes thriving in such harsh conditions are untapped sources of novel biomolecules. To understand the structure and composition of such microbial communities, culture-independent bacterial diversity was characterised for two extreme sites in Pakistan, Khewra salt range and Murtazaabad hot spring. Barcoded amplicon sequencing technique was used to study the microbial communities. Physicochemical analysis of these sites was also conducted to study the dynamics of microbial communities under stressed conditions. Metagenomic sequencing of salt range soil samples yielded of 40,433 16S rRNA sequences, while hot spring sediments produced 76,449 16S rRNA sequence reads.   Proteobacteria   were predominant in saline soil while   Firmicutes   were most abundant in hot spring sediment. The taxonomic analysis of saline samples revealed 914 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) while that of hot spring sequences were clustered into 726 distinct OTUs. OTUs from genus    Alkalibacillus    were most abundant in hot spring sediments, whereas    Haloarcula    were more prevalent in saline soil. Some unidentified sequences were also present at each taxonomic level. Multivariate analysis indicated that electrical conductivity and pH are the major environmental factors involved in modelling microbial communities. This study revealed a poly-extremophilic microbial community in the Murtazaabad hot spring and characterised the unexplored halophilic microbial diversity of saline soil of Pakistan.

Identification of bacterial communities in extreme sites of Pakistan using high throughput barcoded amplicon sequencing