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BackgroundHere, we present the data obtained from the samples collected in a field campaign during the spring of 2015 which aims for a better understanding of the diversity and distribution patterns of freshwater diatoms in Madeira Island. Following European and Portuguese standards and recommendations for routine diatom sampling and analysis, we collected samples in 40 sites, distributed in 27 permanent streams and identified the diatom species present, using general diatom floras and studies in Portuguese freshwater diatoms.New informationLittle is known about the diversity and distribution of freshwater diatom assemblages from Madeira Archipelago. This study reports a survey in 40 sites in Madeira Island distributed in 27 permanent streams. A total of 965 diatom (  Bacillariophyta  ) occurrences were recorded, belonging to 130 different taxa from 44 genera and 27 families. The families with the highest number of occurrences were   Bacillariaceae   (176),   Achnanthidiaceae   (135) and   Naviculaceae   (133). The two diatom endemisms, described previously in Madeira Island (Lange-Bertalot 1993),    Nitzschia   macaronesica    Lange-Bertalot and    Navicula   madeirensis    Lange-Bertalot, were only observed in a small number of sites, located mostly at Laurissilva forest. Sixty species are new records, not only to Madeira Island, but also to the Madeira Archipelago.

Diatom diversity and distribution in Madeira Island streams (Portugal)