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Earthworms contribute to the sustainability of food webs in the semi-natural grasslands of levees at paddy margins, which are typical components of  satoyama , the traditional agricultural landscapes of Japan. Thus far, few studies have focused on earthworm fauna of paddy levees in  satoyama . In this study, we investigated earthworm fauna and regional and monthly changes in earthworm density. We found at least 11 species of earthworms living within levees on Sado Island, central Japan. Two endogeic species,    Amynthas   corticis    (  Megascolecidae  ) and    Eisenia   japonica    (  Lumbricidae  ), were dominant in terms of number of adult individuals; these two species appeared in all study regions. We also estimated an average of ~57.4 individuals/m 2  for all stages of earthworms in levees, suggesting that rice paddy levees have relatively-high earthworm density. However, such tendencies differed depending on the region. In addition, monthly changes in density were observed in the topsoil of the levees. Our results imply that differences in earthworm assemblages amongst regions and months may influence the availability of food resources for various animals inhabiting  satoyama .

Earthworm species and density in semi-natural grasslands on rice paddy levees in Japanese satoyama