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The New Zealand fauna of snout moths (  Pyraloidea  ) predominantly consists of endemic species. During 2017 and 2018, 56 species of   Pyraloidea   in 1,749 individuals were collected at 14 localities. All species were screened for    Wolbachia   -infection, with specimens of eight species (14%) being positive, of which six species belong to   Scopariinae  . This is the first record of    Wolbachia   -infection amongst New Zealand   Lepidoptera  . The most common pyraloid species,    Eudonia   submarginalis    and    Orocrambus   flexuosellus   , were analysed for a larger set of individuals looking for sex ratio and    Wolbachia   -infection. There is a sex ratio bias towards females in both species, but it varies in space and time.    Wolbachia    is found in all populations of    E.   submarginalis    with 10–80% of the tested individuals being positive, depending on locality. No    Wolbachia   -infection has been found in    O.   flexuosellus   . Thus, sex ratio bias might be linked to    Wolbachia   -infection in    E.   submarginalis   , but not in    O.   flexuosellus   .

Spatial and temporal sex ratio bias and Wolbachia -infection in New Zealand Crambidae ( Lepidoptera : Pyraloidea )