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The meiofauna is an important part of the marine ecosystem, but its composition and distribution patterns are relatively unexplored. Here we assessed the biodiversity and community structure of meiofauna from five locations on the Swedish western and southern coasts using a high-throughput DNA sequencing (metabarcoding) approach. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) mini-barcode and nuclear 18S small ribosomal subunit (18S) V1-V2 region were amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. Our analyses revealed a higher number of species than previously found in other areas: thirteen samples comprising 6.5 dm 3  sediment revealed 708 COI and 1,639 18S metazoan OTUs. Across all sites, the majority of the metazoan biodiversity was assigned to   Arthropoda  ,   Nematoda   and   Platyhelminthes  . Alpha and beta diversity measurements showed that community composition differed significantly amongst sites. OTUs initially assigned to   Acoela  ,   Gastrotricha   and the two   Platyhelminthes   sub-groups   Macrostomorpha   and   Rhabdocoela   were further investigated and assigned to species using a phylogeny-based taxonomy approach. Our results demonstrate that there is great potential for discovery of new meiofauna species even in some of the most extensively studied locations.

Biodiversity between sand grains: Meiofauna composition across southern and western Sweden assessed by metabarcoding