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Dermaptera   is a polyneopteran insect order that includes more than 2,000 described species, commonly known as earwigs, that mainly inhabit tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions. Although 40 species have been found in Japan, their distribution and habitat preferences have remained ambiguous due to sample misidentification, particularly amongst immature specimens. To overcome this problem, we sequenced and analysed the DNA barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene ( cox1 ) of dermapteran species recorded from Japan. Including publicly available data, 72.5% of known Japanese dermapteran species were subjected to molecular identification. We extensively sampled three wingless species of subfamily   Anisolabidinae   (  Anisolabididae  ):    Anisolabis   maritima   ,    Anisolabella   marginalis    and    Euborellia   pallipes   . Although these species exhibit similar habitat preferences as semi-synanthropes,    A.   maritima   , a cosmopolitan species with the highest affinity to seashore, had significantly higher sequence diversity than the latter two species, which are considered endemic to East Asia. A similar trend was observed for (at least partly) winged cosmopolitan species of other families. Introgression with the congener    Anisolabis   seirokui    is also suggested for    A.   maritima   . Possible causes of the varying levels of sequence diversity are discussed.

DNA barcoding of Japanese earwig species ( Insecta , Dermaptera ), with sequence diversity analyses of three species of Anisolabididae