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The genus    Micronecta    Kirkaldy, 1897 is the most species-rich genus in the family   Micronectidae  , containing more than 160 species.    Micronecta    is currently divided into 11 subgenera, five of which are monotypic. Moreover, the subgenusMicronecta   is an empirical mixture group. The definitions of some subgenera were based on only a few aberrant morphological features, which are specializations with few phylogenetic significances. The relationship between these subgenera remains unclear. In this study, we newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) and nuclear rDNAs ( nrDNAs ) for 13    Micronecta    species, representing seven subgenera, and those for ten other water bugs. Our phylogenetic analyses showed that the subgenusLundbladella   represents the sister group to all other studied subgenera of    Micronecta   . The subgenusUnguinecta   was the sister group to the clade that contains    Dichaetonecta    and    Sigmonecta   . More importantly, the subgenusMicronecta   represents a paraphyletic group, which further forms a monophyletic group together with the subgenera    Basileonecta    and    Ctenonecta   . This is for the first time that the phylogeny of the genus    Micronecta    was investigated based on molecular data and the paraphyly of the subgenusMicronecta   was revealed. Such evidence suggested the necessity of the revision of the taxonomic system of the genus in the future, and may also serve as a reference for the delimitation of subgeneric characters.

arthropod systematics andamp; phylogeny

Paraphyly of the subgenus    Micronecta    (     Micronecta   ) Kirkaldy, 1897 (  Hemiptera  :   Heteroptera  :   Micronectidae  ) based on mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rDNAs