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The stable environment of subterranean realms is characterized by constant darkness, temperature and humidity, and scarcity of resources. This led to similar adaptations in different lineages of animals, such as the reduction of eyes and pigmentation. It is common textbook knowledge that blindness in cave insects is compensated for by transformations of other sensorial structures, especially the antennae with their rich array of sensilla. We tested this hypothesis with 33 species of   Leiodidae   of the tribe   Leptodirini   (  Coleoptera  ) with and without eyes and from hypogean and epigean environments. We documented and compared the number, types, arrangement and density of smooth and furrowed antennal sensilla on certain flagellomeres. Our statistical analysis that took effects of body size and phylogeny into consideration showed that (1) the number of these sensilla does not differ between hypogean or epigean beetles; (2) the same applies to length and diameter of the antennal sensilla; (3) there is a difference in density, but unexpectedly it is lower in hypogean species. Our finding thus contrasts with widely accepted earlier interpretations for those external antennal sensilla in the studied   Leptodirini  , showing that sensillar patterns are scarcely affected in these subterranean beetles if at all, and even less dense in blind and cave-living species. Our results thus add a new facet to the evolution of cave animals.

New insights into the evolution of the surface antennal sensory equipment in free-living and cave-dwelling beetles ( Leiodidae : Leptodirini )