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The introduction of the biological control agent    Torymus   sinensis    Kamijo (  Hymenoptera  ,   Chalcidoidea  ,   Torymidae  ) to control the populations of the chestnut gall wasp    Dryocosmus   kuriphilus    Yasumatsu (  Hymenoptera  ,   Cynipidae  ) is considered one of the successful programs in biological control. The species was involved in interspecific hybridisation in Japan and the specimens imported into Europe were derived from this hybrid lineage, showing signs of introgression. The discovery of mitochondrial haplotypes or possible  Enolase  haplotypes from    T.   beneficus    or of specimens with shorter ovipositor does not necessarily imply that    T.   beneficus    is present in Europe, only that the European specimens are of hybrid origin. Of the native European    Torymus    species associated with    D.   kuriphilus   , the molecular and morphometric results indicate    Torymus   notatus    (Walker) as the closest species to    T.   sinensis   . The two are part of the same species-group (cyaneus    group), are nested together in the multivariate ratio analysis and are the closest genetically based on all three nuclear markers:  Enolase  (1.5% divergence),  Wingless  (2%) and  ITS2  (13%). However, on the mitochondrial marker  COI  the closest species is    Torymus   rubi    (Schrank) at 9.9% divergence. As such,    T.   notatus    is the most likely candidate for accidental interspecific hybridisation if this is to happen in Europe. We provide an illustrated identification key for the European species of    Torymus    associated with    D.   kuriphilus   , an important but lacking tool for biological control programs.

﻿ Torymus sinensis and its close relatives in Europe: a multilocus phylogeny, detailed morphological analysis, and identification key

Torymus sinensis and its close relatives in Europe: a multilocus phylogeny, detailed morphological analysis, and identification key