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Limoniidae  , the most speciose family in the superfamily   Tipuloidea  , consists of four subfamilies and more than 11,000 species. However, mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences, which have been widely used for phylogenetic study, are available for only 11 species across three subfamilies. Thus, a larger variety of mt genome sequences in   Limoniidae   are required to improve our understanding of tipuloid phylogeny and genomic evolution. Here we present mt genomes of   Elephantomyia  ( Elephantomyia )  inulta   Alexander, 1938 and   Helius  ( Helius )  pluto   Alexander, 1932, representing the first mt genomes of the tribe   Elephantomyiini   (  Limoniidae  ). The two mt genomes are typical circular DNA molecules and show similar gene order, nucleotide composition and codon usage. Standard ATN start and TAR stop codons are present in most protein-coding genes. All transfer RNA ( tRNA ) genes exhibited the cloverleaf secondary structure typical for metazoans except in   tRNA  Ser(AGN)  , which lacks the dihydrouridine arm. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on four nucleotide matrixes for the currently sequenced species of   Tipuloidea   using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. Four-cluster likelihood mapping was used to study incongruent signals between different topologies.   Pediciidae   is supported as the earliest lineage in   Tipuloidea  , and the sister-group relationship between   Cylindrotomidae   and   Tipulidae   is also supported, but the monophyly of   Limoniidae   is not supported. Our study also supports the monophyly of   Elephantomyiini   (   Elephantomyia    +    Helius   ), as one of origins of flower-visiting in   Limoniidae  . Although   Elephantomyiini   is sister to   Limoniinae   +    Epiphragma    (  Limnophilinae  ) in our study, a more precise understanding of its phylogenetic position in   Tipuloidea   will require additional studies that include a broader species sample.

arthropod systematics andamp; phylogeny

First mitochondrial genomes of the crane fly tribe   Elephantomyiini   (  Diptera  ,   Tipuloidea  ,   Limoniidae  ): comparative analysis and phylogenetic implications