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The earliest known fossil beetle †   Coleopsis   archaica    is re-examined using Reflectance Transformation Imaging ( RTI ). The morphological observations are evaluated with respect to phylogenetic implications and the early evolution of   Coleoptera  . †   Coleopsis   archaica    belongs to an early Permian branch of beetles, outside a monophyletic unit comprising   Coleoptera   (in the widest sense) excluding †  Tshekardocoleidae  . This clade is mainly characterized by a complex of apomorphic features: elytra with epipleura and with a close fit with the posterior body, thus forming a tightly sealed subelytral space. In contrast to this, the elytra of †   C.   archaica    and †  Tshekardocoleidae   cover the metathorax and abdomen in a loose tent-like manner and posteriorly distinctly surpass the abdominal apex. So far, no synapomorphies of the two taxa from the first half of the Permian have been identified. The very short and transverse pronotum is likely an autapomorphy of †   C.   archaica   . A thorough documentation of the structural features of early beetle fossils should have high priority.  RTI  is a very promising tool to obtain new and well-founded morphological data, which will allow a thorough phylogenetic evaluation of Permian beetles in future studies. We extended the conventional  RTI  workflow by focus merging and panoramic stitching, in order to overcome previous limitations. Taxonomic re-arrangements of stem group beetles including †   C.   archaica    were suggested in recent studies by A.G. Kirejtshuk and co-workers. As they are not based on shared derived features they are irrelevant in a phylogenetic and evolutionary context.

arthropod systematics andamp; phylogeny

The earliest beetle †   Coleopsis   archaica    (  Insecta  :   Coleoptera  ) – morphological re-eva﻿luation using Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and phylogenetic assessment

The earliest beetle † Coleopsis archaica ( Insecta : Coleoptera ) – morphological re-eva﻿luation using Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and phylogenetic assessment

The earliest beetle † Coleopsis archaica ( Insecta : Coleoptera ) – morphological re-evaluation using Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and phylogenetic assessment