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The subfamily   Chaetarthriinae   includes morphologically distinct larvae that are adapted to a diversity of environments. Based on larval characters, cladistic analyses (maximum parsimony ( MP ) and Bayesian inference ( BI ) with homoplasy as a partitioning scheme) were performed to test the monophyly of the subfamily and the relationships of the two tribes included in it:   Chaetarthriini   and   Anacaenini  . The chaetotaxy of a third instar larva    Guyanobius   adocetus    is described and illustrated in detail, including morphometric characters. This larva is compared to those of the known larvae of the tribe   Chaetarthriini   belonging to the genus    Chaetarthria   , and    Pseudorygmodus   ,    Crenitis   , and    Crenitulus    from   Anacaenini  . None of the unconstrained analyses recover   Chaetarthriinae   as monophyletic.    Chaetarthria    diverges in an early branch, probably due to a series of unique morphological modifications associated with a riparian lifestyle whereas    Guyanobius    appears closely related to   Anacaenini  . Two alternative positions of    Guyanobius    are revealed: (1) as sister of all   Anacaenini   (unconstrained  MP ) or (2) nested within   Anacaenini   as sister of    Crenitis    +    Crenitulus    (constrained  MP  and unconstrained  BI ). The genera    Paracymus    and    Tormus    (tribe   Laccobiini  ) diverge as two successive branches subordinate to   Chaetarthriinae   (excluding    Chaetarthria   ) in the unconstrained  MP  analysis. However, the support is rather weak, and the position of    Paracymus    and    Tormus    is an artifact produced by some homoplastic characters. In this regard, homoplasy partitioning resulted a useful technique to solve some artifacts generated by convergent morphologies.

arthropod systematics andamp; phylogeny

Testing the monophyly of   Chaetarthriinae   (  Coleoptera  ,   Hydrophilidae  ) and the phylogenetic position of    Guyanobius    with larval characters