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Parthenogenetic lineages are known to rapidly colonize large areas that become available after glacial periods as parthenogenetic reproduction is beneficial over mating when the favorable season is very short. The only obligatory parthenogenetic species of the largest bush-cricket subfamily   Phaneropterinae   is    Poecilimon   intermedius   . It belongs to the Anatolio-Balkan lineage    Poecilimon   ampliatus    species group and in contrast has a remarkably broad distribution from Central Europe to China, following the pattern of geographical parthenogenesis. In this study we provide a systematic revision of the    P.   ampliatus    group based on mitochondrial ( ND2 ) and nuclear (ITS) phylogeny. We estimate divergence times by applying secondary calibration on the  ND2  tree to test for congruence between recent splits in the group and the Pleistocene climatic oscillations. We use ecological niche modelling to analyze the ecological requirements of the parthenogenetic    P.   intermedius    and its sexually reproducing sister species    P.   ampliatus   . By projecting on the conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum we outline the suitable areas for both species during the glacial cycles and discuss range shifts in response to climate change. Based on all results we hypothesize that the drought-tolerant    P.   intermedius    originated during the recent glaciations in the southwestern part of its current range and rapidly radiated in a northeastern direction. Its sister species    P.   ampliatus   , which is adapted to higher levels of precipitation, remained in the western Balkans, where populations retreated to higher altitudes during warming.

arthropod systematics andamp; phylogeny

Phylogeography of the    Poecilimon   ampliatus    species group (  Orthoptera  :   Tettigoniidae  ) in the context of the Pleistocene glacial cycles and the origin of the only thelytokous parthenogenetic phaneropterine bush-cricket