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This paper discusses ecological adaptation based on a case study of    Anoplistes   halodendri    and    Anoplistes   kozlovi    (  Coleoptera  :   Cerambycidae  ) that occur in the arid zone of Mongolia. By applying an integrative taxonomy approach, we revealed one of the first documented cases of sympatrically occurring ecotypes in   Polyphaga   and the second case of ecotypes in the family   Cerambycidae  . The results of the analysis of the ecological data, molecular analysis of mitochondrial ( COI ) and nuclear (ArgK and CAD) genes, as well as a detailed morphological examination, which consisted of a study on the male genitalia including the endophallic structures, supported the hypothesis that these two entities, which are commonly considered separate species, represent only ecologically adapted forms that are associated with rocky hills and sandy/gravelly plains, respectively. Therefore, a synonym is restored:    Anoplistes   halodendri   minutus    Hammarström, 1892 =    Asias   kozlovi    Semenov and Znojko, 1934,  syn. res.  The differences in the elytral pattern and shade appear to be adapted to the different substrates in these distinct habitats. A probable scenario assumes that these two forms arose in parapatry, independently in multiple populations, under parallel speciation during the intensification of the aridification across the region in the period during which the Gobi Desert was formed (~ 24 to 2.6 Ma) and they may evolve into separate species in the future. The phylogenetic relationships of some taxa representing the most closely related genera of the tribe   Trachyderini   were analysed and the questioned species status of    Anoplistes   jacobsoni    was confirmed. Low interspecific differences in the endophallic structures in the genus    Anoplistes    and between some species of the genus    Amarysius    indicate that they are evolutionarily relatively young groups. The practical differences between ecotype and subspecies are also discussed.

arthropod systematics andamp; phylogeny

A fine line between species and ecotype: a case study of    Anoplistes   halodendri    and    A.   kozlovi    (  Coleoptera  :   Cerambycidae  ) occurring sympatrically in Mongolia