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Monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are the most common contaminants of the groundwater and can easily contaminate drinking water sources due to their relatively high water solubility. Among these compounds, benzene is known to have carcinogenic properties and is considered to be persistent under anoxic conditions. Although deep knowledge was acquired both on the aerobic and anaerobic degradation of benzene in the past three decades, the diversity of those bacteria which are able to degrade it under microaerobic conditions, is still unknown. To come over this limitation aerobic and microaerobic benzene-degrading microcosms were established using groundwater sediment of a BTEX-contaminated site and the evolved bacterial communities were investigated through a polyphasic approach including multiomics analysis and DNA stable isotope probing. The obtained results shed light on the fact that the aerobic and microaerobic benzene-degrading bacterial communities were distinctly different. In the aerobic microcosms members of the genus    Pseudomonas    overwhelmingly dominated the bacterial communities by showing even 40-50% abundance. In contrast, under microaerobic conditions members of the genera    Azovibrio    and    Malikia    dominated the communities, while the abundance of    Pseudomonas    drastically decreased compared to that of was observable in the aerobic microcosms. Results obtained by the analysis of microcosms spiked with  13 C 6 -benzene confirmed these observations. In heavy DNA fractions obtained from the aerobic microcosms the enrichment of    Pseudomonas    and   Rhizobiaceae  -related 16S rRNA gene fragments was observable. At the same time, labelled DNA from the microaerobic microcosms contained mostly    Azovibrio    and    Malikia   -related sequences, while the abundance of    Pseudomonas    16S rRNA gene sequences was below 2%. Besides, by using metagenomic dataset of a previous microaerobic experiment we managed to reconstruct an    Azovibrio    genome, in which a complete  meta -cleavage pathway for the aerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons was identified. Overall, it can be concluded that under microaerobic conditions members of   Comamonadaceae   and   Rhodocyclaceae   can be the key benzene degraders in contaminated subsurface environments.

arpha conference abstracts

Biodegradation of Benzene Under Microaerobic Conditions: a Groundwater Microcosm Experiment Combined with a Multiomics Approach and DNA Stable Isotope Probing