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A molecular analysis of the genusAbax  (Pterostichidae) has been carried out based on the sequencing of a mitochondrial cox gene fragment and the nuclear its-2 or 28S genes. The three subgenera which are included within  Abax  on morphological grounds, namely  Abacopercus ,  Abax  s. str. and  Pterostichoabax  were partially supported.  Abacopercus  is a monotypic subgenus including  A. schueppeli  and is sister to the other species of the genus.  Pterostichoabax  is sister to a clade made up by species of the ‘ parallelus ’ group ( parallelus, carinatus, baenningeri, pilleri, oblongus , and  continuus ), which are currently members of the subgenus  Abax . The other species of this subgenus ( parallelepipedus ,  fiorii ,  ovalis  and  pyrenaeus ) make up a separate clade, what renders the subgenus  Abax  as polyphyletic.The geographic framework of these results suggests that the ancestors of  Abax  appeared in the Carpathian area, where they gave rise to  A. schueppeli . Successive cladogenetic events and expansion from the Carpathians to the Alps and the Pyrenees may have originated two main lineages,  Abax  sensu stricto and  Pterostichoabax  plus the ‘ parallelus ’ group. All these lineages have originated a number of species in temperate forests mostly concentrated in the southern axis of Eastern and Central Alps, but all the  Pterostichoabax  species and two taxa of the  parallelus  group shifted its habitat into the alpine grass mats above the treeline during one or more ice age times.

Evolutionary inferences about the genus Abax (Coleoptera, Carabidae: Pterostichini) based on molecular data and geographic distribution of taxa.