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The dormancy-inducing factors of bacteria inhibit tumor cell growth. Inthe present study, we evaluated the antitumor effects of the dormancy-inducingfactor 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) using real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES)in SCC-9 cells (tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells). Treatment with 4-HR suppressedthe growth of SCC-9 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We used a DNA microarrayto identify genes that showed a significant change in expression upon 4-HR administrationin SCC-9 cells. Among the differentially expressed genes, the protein expressionof several cell proliferation related factors, including E2F1, E2F2, E2F3, E2F4,E2F5, E2F6, Sp1 and Sp3, were determined by western blot analyses. Treatment with4-HR strongly suppressed E2F2 and slightly suppressed E2F3 but did not changethe expression of E2F1, E2F4, E2F5 and E2F6 relative to no treatment. Furthermore,4-HR increased Sp1 expression in a dose-dependent manner and decreased Sp3 expression.Therefore, the ratio of Sp1 to Sp3, an important driving force of epithelial celldifferentiation, was drastically increased. Consistent with this observation,4-HR increased the expression of the epithelial cell differentiation markers involucrinand keratin 10. Together, our results indicate that 4-HR induces the differentiationof SCC-9 via the modulation of the E2F-mediated signaling pathway.

oncology reports

4-hexylresorcinol stimulates the differentiation of SCC-9 cells through the suppression of E2F2, E2F3 and Sp3 expression and the promotion of Sp1 expression