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Disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis of the bile duct epithelium, including transport interruption and the hyperaccumulation of intracellular cholesterol can lead to the initiation and progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Statins, which are lipid-lowering drugs, have been previously documented to exhibit anti-cancer properties. The role of statins in CCA cell cholesterol transport through the expression and function of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1 and ABCG1 was investigated in the current study. In four CCA cell lines, ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression was identified. However, neither ABCG5 nor ABCG8 expression was observed. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the expression of ABCA1 was localized in the proximity of the nucleus, while ABCG1 was more dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of KKU-100 cells. A cholesterol efflux assay was performed using bodipy cholesterol, and the translocation of cholesterol via ABCA1 and ABCG1 to Apo-A1 and high density lipoprotein was confirmed, respectively. Simvastatin and atorvastatin demonstrated the inhibitory effects on CCA cell viability. A reduction in intracellular lipid level and a lower expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were observed in KKU-100 cells under simvastatin treatment. The pre-exposure of KKU-100 cells to cholesterol diminished the statin effect. Furthermore, when KKU-100 cells were pre-loaded with cholesterol, ABCA1 and ABCG1-mediated exports were unaffected even though they were treated with simvastatin. The results of the current study indicated the limitations of the use of statin in CCA therapy, particularly under hypercholesterolemia conditions.

Downregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters by simvastatin in cholangiocarcinoma cells