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Due to advances in the treatment of lymphoma, the remission and overall survival rates for this disease have improved in recent years. However, the incidence of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (t-MDS/AML) has increased. In order to further the understanding of the mechanisms of t-MDS/AML and reduce its incidence, the present study reports 4 cases of t-AML following treatment for lymphoma. The 4 patients presented aggressive forms of lymphoma in stage III/IV, and 3 were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All patients had previously undergone chemotherapy containing alkylating agents and/or topoisomerase II inhibitors. The latency period between the time of primary diagnosis and occurrence of t-AML ranged from 15 to 42 months. At the time of diagnosis of t-AML, 3 of the 4 patients presented pancytopenia, whilst the remaining patient exhibited leukocytosis. The majority of the patients succumbed to their disease within 1 year of t-AML diagnosis, with the exception of the patient in case 3, who survived following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The present cases indicate that an advanced stage of disease at the time of primary diagnosis, prior exposure to radiotherapy, and administration of ≥4 regimens and ≥8 cycles of chemotherapy may be risk factors for the development of t-AML. Based on the present findings and a review of the literature, we propose that allo-HSCT should be recommended for patients at high risk of developing t-AML. In addition, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy may constitute a novel type of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer, particularly for cases of relapsed and refractory lymphoma or leukemia.

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia in patients with lymphoma: A report of four cases and review of the literature