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The imbalance of subchondral bone remodeling is a common pathological feature in the progression of osteoarthritis. In the current study, using a rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis, the effects of the Tougu Xiaotong capsule (TGXTC) on the cartilage and subchondral bone were investigated. In addition, osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inducer of bone formation, and receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL), a regulator of bone resorption in the subchondral bone, were assessed, in order to further explore the protective role of TGXTC in subchondral bone remodeling. The rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis, which was induced by a modified version of Hulth's method, was treated with TGXTC or glucosamine hydrochloride for 4 or 8 weeks. Subsequently, the tibia and femur were harvested for observation of cartilage histology, and the subchondral bone was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The expression levels of OPG and RANKL at the gene and protein levels were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. TGXTC and glucosamine hydrochloride were identified to mitigate cartilage injury, reduce trabecular number and thickness and accelerate trabecular separation. It was additionally observed that the level of OPG mRNA and protein expression was reduced, and the RANKL mRNA and protein expression level was increased, in addition to the observation of a lower OPG/RANKL ratio in the TGXTC and hydrochloride groups. Taken together, these results suggest that TGXTC may mitigate cartilage injury and subchondral sclerosis, thus delaying the pathological development of osteoarthritis. This is suggested to be mediated partly through the reduction of OPG expression and increase of RANKL expression, which reduces the OPG/RANKL ratio, suppressing excessive bone formation.

molecular medicine reports

Protective effects of the Tougu Xiaotong capsule on morphology and osteoprotegerin/nuclear factor-κB ligand expression in rabbits with knee osteoarthritis