English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive immune‑ mediated disease causedby demyelination of the central nervous system. Cytokines and their receptorshave an important role in the evolution of MS lesions, and pro‑ and anti‑inflammatorycytokine levels have been found to correlate with changes in MS disease activity.The aims of the present study were to evaluate the pro‑inflammatory [tumor necrosisfactor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL) ‑1β, ‑6 and ‑12], T helper (Th) 1 [interferon(IFN)‑γ], Th17 (IL‑17) and Th2 (IL‑4 and ‑10) cytokine serum levels in relapsing‑remitting(RR)‑MS patients and to evaluate the association between the cytokine profileand the progression and activity of the disease. Serum cytokine levels were assessedusing enzyme linked‑immunosorbent assays in 169 RR‑MS patients in the remissionclinical phase and 132 healthy individuals who were age‑, gender‑, ethnicity‑and body mass index‑matched. Disability and activity of the disease were evaluatedusing the Expanded Disability Status Scale and magnetic resonance imaging withgadolinium, respectively. IFN‑γ and IL‑6, ‑12 and ‑4 levels were higher in RR‑MSpatients compared to controls (P=0.0009, 0.0114, 0.0297 and 0.0004, respectively).IL‑1 levels were higher in controls compared with RR‑MS patients. IL‑4 levelswere higher in RR‑MS patients with mild disability compared to those with moderateand severe disability (P=0.0375). TNF‑α and IL‑10 levels were higher in RR‑MSpatients with inactive disease compared with those with active disease. IL‑17levels showed a trend towards being higher in RR‑MS patients with inactive diseasecompared to those with active disease (P=0.0631). Low TNF‑α and high IFN‑γ levelswere independently associated with RR‑MS (P=0.0078 and 0.0056, respectively) andalso with the activity of the disease (P=0.0348 and 0.0133, respectively). Resultsindicated that RR‑MS patients, even in the remission clinical phase, exhibit acomplex system of inflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines that may interactto modulate the progression and activity of the disease.

Cytokine profile in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients and the association between progression and activity of the disease