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Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide and is classifiedinto ductal and lobular carcinoma. Breast cancer as well as lobular carcinomais associated with various risk factors such as gender, age, female hormone exposure,ethnicity, family history and genetic risk factor-associated genes. Genes associatedwith a high risk of developing breast cancer include BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, PTEN,CHEK2 and ATM. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are usedto treat breast cancer but these therapies, except for surgery, have many side-effectssuch as alopecia, anesthesia, diarrhea and arthralgia. Gene-directed enzyme/prodrugtherapy (GEPT) or suicide gene therapy, may improve the therapeutic efficacy ofconventional cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy without side-effects. GEPT mostoften involves the use of a viral vector to deliver a gene not found in mammaliancells and that produces enzymes which can convert a relatively non-toxic prodruginto a toxic agent. Examples of these systems include cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine(CD/5-FC), carboxyl esterase/irinotecan (CE/CPT-11), and thymidine kinase/ganciclovir(TK/GCV). Recently, therapies based on genetically engineered stem cells (GESTECs)using a GEPT system have received a great deal of attention for their clinicaland therapeutic potential to treat breast cancer. In this review, we discuss thepotential of GESTECs via tumor tropism effects and therapeutic efficacy againstseveral different types of cancer cells. GESTECs represent a useful tool for treatingbreast cancer without inducing injuries associated with conventional therapeuticmodalities.

international journal of oncology

Therapeutic potential of stem cells expressing suicide genes that selectively target human breast cancer cells: Evidence that they exert tumoricidal effects via tumor tropism