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Millimeter wave (MW) is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between1 and 10 mm and a frequency of 30-300 GHz that causes multiple biological effectsand has been used as a major component in physiotherapies for the clinical treatmentof various types of diseases including cancers. However, the precise molecularmechanism of the anticancer activity of millimeter wave remains to be elucidated.In the present study, we investigated the cellular effects of the MW in the U-2OShuman osteosarcoma cell line. Our results showed that MW induced cell morphologicalchanges and reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner suggestingthat MW inhibited the growth of U-2OS cells as demonstrated. Hoechst 33258 stainingand Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining exhibited the typical nuclear featuresof apoptosis and increased the proportion of apoptotic Annexin V-positive cellsin a dose-dependent manner, respectively. In addition, MW treatment caused lossof plasma membrane asymmetry, release of cytochrome c, collapse of mitochondrialmembrane potential, activation of caspase-9 and -3, and increase of the ratioof pro-apoptotic Bax to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Taken together, the results indicatethat the U-2OS cell growth inhibitory activity of MW was due to mitochondrial-mediatedapoptosis, which may partly explain the anticancer activity of millimeter wavetreatment.

Millimeter wave treatment induces apoptosis via activation of the mitochondrial-dependent pathway in human osteosarcoma cells