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Bladder cancer is three times more common in men than in women. However,the physiological basis of the male predominance of bladder cancer remains poorlyunderstood. A higher than expected association of prostate and bladder cancershas also been reported which may indicate a common mechanism of carcinogenesis.Consistent with this, androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play essentialroles in prostate carcinogenesis and are believed to play a role in bladder carcinogenesis.There is also evidence implicating cancer stem cells in prostate and bladder cancers.Indeed putative prostate and bladder cancer stem cells share some common molecularfeatures. We highlight key proteins (CD49f, CD133, PTEN, CD44) which are implicatedin both prostate and bladder cancers and are enriched in putative prostate andbladder cancer stem cells. We examine published chromatin immuno-precipitationstudies analyzing the genome-wide distribution of the AR to identify AR associationwith, and by inference potential AR-regulation of, these loci. We discuss recentevidence indicating a role for the AR in the splicing of the key urological stemcell protein CD44. We propose a model whereby aberrant AR regulation of theseputative stem cell proteins contributes to malignant transformation of prostateand bladder cells. For these reasons we propose that the relationship betweenandrogens and cancer stem cell associated proteins warrants further investigation.

The androgen receptor and stem cell pathways in prostate and bladder cancers (Review)