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Parthenolide (PTL), a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor, has a significant thermo-enhancement effect. Modification of thermosensitivity by treatment with PTL prior to hyperthermia was investigated in the human prostate cancer androgen-independent cell lines PC3 and DU145. In addition, we analyzed the mechanisms related to induction of apoptosis or G₂/M cell-cycle arrest via the effects of ERK1/2, p38 and SAPK/JNK signaling on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Lethal damage caused by mild hyperthermia at 41.0˚C or 42.0˚C in both cell lines resulted in a low level of thermosensitivity, while sequential combination with PTL showed significant thermosensitization. Step-up hyperthermia (SUH) (42˚C for 30 min, 43.0˚C or 43.5˚C for various periods) reduced the thermosensitivity of the cells to second heating. However, PTL given as pre-treatment prior to SUH prevented SUH-induced thermal tolerance and resulted in significant thermosensitization. Induction of apoptosis by the combination of PTL and hyperthermia at 44.0˚C was determined by the ratio of sub-G1 division cells using flow cytometry, which was increased significantly in comparison with single treatment, and was more effective in PC3 than DU145 cells. The behavior of ERK1/2, p38, and SAPK/JNK signaling in the MAPK cascade by treatment with PTL and hyperthermia were examined by Western blotting. As for PC3 cells, ras-downstream p-ERK1/2 was activated and p-p38 slightly activated by combined treatment with PTL and hyperthermia in comparison with each alone. As for DU145 cells, ERK1/2 was not changed, while p38 and SAPK/JNK were slightly activated by combination treatment. These results were related to increases in the induction of apoptosis, G₂/M cell cycle arrest, and lethal damage of cells via the MAPK cascade. Together, our findings demonstrate that PTL is an effective thermosensitizing agent for multidisciplinary therapy for human prostate cancer.

international journal of molecular medicine

Thermosensitization and induction of apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest via the MAPK cascade by parthenolide, an NF-κB inhibitor, in human prostate cancer androgen-independent cell lines