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dvanced industrial societies offer a wide array of amenities, pleasures and luxuries to complement a technological substructure that has invigorated myriad advances in all walks of life. Yet, this substructure has become so pervasive as to become “invisible,”1 receding into the gestalt of our human experience, and rarely questioned. For, as Marcuse queried, why should we question that which staves off disease, permeates our lives with pleasures, and appears to dissolve the once overpowering class structures that caused such sorrow and strife for so many? “If the individuals are satisfied to the point of happiness with the goods and services handed down to them by the administration...and if the individuals are pre-conditioned so that the satisfying goods also include thoughts, feelings, aspirations, why should they wish to think, feel and imagine for themselves?”2As initially beneficent as the structure of advanced industrial society appears, it has in place, most ingeniously, a self-perpetuating mechanism that not only allows it to endure, relatively unaltered, but undermines the means of questioning that very structure. Advanced industrial society has become uncritical of itself, allowing those foundations and that structure to remain unexamined. As a result, individual human autonomy gives way to a society-wide heteronomy. False needs, artificially constructed by the institutions and imposed upon the

A Critical Pragmatism: Marcuse, Adorno, and Peirce on the Artificial Stagnation of Individual and Social Development in Advanced Industrial Societies