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Based on cost-effectiveness considerations and on the risk of nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international institutions recommend to minimize unnecessary hospitalization of tuberculosis (TB) cases.  As in other Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, the organisations of TB services in Armenia are heavily based on vertical and specialized services. In Armenia, a country of 3.2 million inhabitants, TB is one of the major public health problems with overall notification and estimated mortality rates of 41 and 8.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2011, respectively. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) was 9.4% and 43.2% among new and previously treated cases, respectively, with 11.9% of them estimated to be extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB).  Specialized TB services include 9 in-patient TB departments, 73 out-patient TB units (called TB cabinets) based in general health-care facilities, and 31 laboratories providing sputum smear microscopy, while culture and drug susceptibility testing is performed in the National TB Reference Laboratory. Following WHO recommendations, the Armenian National TB Programme (NTP) expanded the basic package of services provided in out-patient settings, allowing free access/free of charge TB diagnosis and treatment to the population, to achieve the global TB targets in the WHO European Region under the National Strategic Plan 2007-2015 and Consolidated Action Plan to Prevent and Combat M/XDR-TB in the WHO European Region 2011-2015.

TB financing in East Europe promotes unnecessary hospital admissions: the case of Armenia