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This paper reports on the first records of the lysianassid amphipod genera Lepidepecreoides and Lepidepecreum from Australia and Chile. In Lepidepecreoides two new species are described from Australian waters, one new species is described from Chilean waters, a new species is designated for the record (Griffiths, 1977) of L. nubifer J.L. Barnard, 1971 from the Cape Basin off southern Africa and the distribution of L. xenopus K.H. Barnard, 1931 in Antarctic waters is extended. A key to all species of Lepidepecreoides is presented. In Lepidepecreum five new species are described from Australian waters and the distributions of three species, L. foraminiferum Stebbing, 1888, L. infissum Andres, 1983 and L. urometacarinatum Andres, 1983, are extended within Antarctic waters. LOWRY, J.K., & H.E. STODDART, 2002. The lysianassoid amphipod genera Lepidepecreoides and Lepidepecreum in southern waters (Crustacea: Lysianassidae: Tryphosinae). Records of the Australian Museum 54(3): 335–364. Records of the Australian Museum (2002) Vol. 54: 335–364. ISSN 0067-1975 www.amonline.net.au/pdf/publications/1329_complete.pdf Only two species are currently known in the tryphosine genus Lepidepecreoides: L. nubifer J.L. Barnard, 1971, from the northeastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Oregon and L. xenopus K.H. Barnard, 1931, from the Southern Ocean near South Georgia and the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Griffiths (1977) reported L. nubifer from the Cape Basin off southern Africa, but examination of his illustrations indicates a new species. Examination of collections made by the Lund University Chile Expedition (LUCE) (see Brattström & Dahl, 1951) revealed a new species from southern Chile and examination of recent collections made in Australian waters by the Australian Museum and Museum Victoria indicated another two species living on the continental slope and bathyal plains off eastern Australia. Finally, examination of recent collections made in the Southern Ocean showed that the distribution of L. xenopus is more extensive than previously reported. All of this material is reported on here and a new key to the species of the genus is presented. Barnard & Karaman (1991) reported 28 species in the tryphosine genus Lepidepecreum. But within their list L. annulatum (Bate, 1862) and L. filiger (Stimpson, 1864) are unidentifiable species; L. nudum Imbach, 1967 has been transferred to Waldeckia by Lowry, 2000; and L. cingulatum K.H. Barnard, 1932 is probably a species of Orchomenella. Lowry & Stoddart (2002) have re-diagnosed Lepidepecreum, described four new species (two from the eastern Andaman Sea and two from Japanese waters) and transferred L. magdalenensis (Shoemaker, 1942) and L. lukini (Budnikova, 1999) from Orchomenella to Lepidepecreum. One species, Lepidepecreum californiensis Vinogradov, 1994, was omitted from the list of species given by Lowry & Stoddart (2002). 336 Records of the Australian Museum (2002) Vol. 54 Lepidepecreum has not previously been reported from Australian waters. Examination of collections made in southeastern and northwestern Australia by Museum Victoria revealed five new species. Examination of recent collections from the Southern Ocean showed more extensive distributions for L. foraminiferum Stebbing, 1888, L. infissum Andres, 1983 and L. urometacarinatum Andres, 1983, than were previously known. The description of the five new species here brings the total number of species in Lepidepecreum to 37. Species of Lepidepecreum are easily recognizable because of their diamond-shaped bodies. Although species have been reported many times from most parts of the world virtually nothing is known about their behaviour. Lepidepecreum is related to genera such as Orchomenella, for which many species are known as demersal scavengers, but species of Lepidepecreum have never been reported from traps and are not considered to be scavengers. They have never been reported in association with other invertebrates. Of the five species of Lepidepecreum known from Australian waters, four come from a small area of the continental slope off southeastern Australia. Although there is only a small amount of material known, these four species show a clear partitioning by depth: L. flindersi has been recorded from 120–400 m, L. freycineti from 600–800 m, L. tourville from 996–1850 m and L. baudini from 1840–2500 m depth. In this paper we use the terminology introduced by Poore & Lowry (1997) to describe the angle of the gnathopodal palms: “a palm that is close to perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the propodus is referred to as transverse; a palm in which the angle is less than 90° is referred to as acute; and a palm of more than 90° is referred to as obtuse”. Material used in this study is lodged in the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM); Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (NMV); the South African Museum, Cape Town (SAM); the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (SMNH); and the United States Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM). The following abbreviations are used on the plates: A, antenna; E, epistome and upper lip; EP, epimeron; G, gnathopod; H, head; MD, mandible; MP, maxilliped; MX, maxilla; P, pereopod; T, telson; U, uropod; UR, urosomite; l, left; r, right. The descriptions are generated from a DELTA (Dallwitz et al., 1993, 1998) database of world tryphosine and uristid species. They are a compilation of all character variations which we recognise in these groups. Characters in italic text refer to the unique combination of characters which will diagnose each species against all others. Implicit characters. To shorten the descriptions, and avoid repetition of commonly occurring character states, the following states are implicit throughout these descriptions, unless indicated otherwise or where the characters concerned are inapplicable. Body not expanded to form a lateral bulge; without dorsal carina. Antenna 1 accessory flagellum not forming cap, terminal article not offset; calceoli small. Antenna 2 peduncular article 3 short; articles 3 to 5 not enlarged. Maxilliped basis without recurved hook. Pereonite 1 dorsally smooth. Gnathopod 1 without setal patch on merus and propodus; propodus small, sparsely setose along posterior margin, palm entire, straight. Pereonites 1–7 dorsally smooth. Pereopod 4 coxa without distinct lateral ridge. Pereopod 5 coxa without umbo; basis without photophore, not posteroproximally excavate, posterior margin not serrate, without mid-central spine. Pleonite 3 posterodorsal margin not produced. Urosomite 1 not projecting over urosomite 2. Uropods 1 and 2 rami without stout striated robust setae. Uropod 2 inner ramus without constriction. Uropod 3 peduncle without dorsolateral flange; inner and outer rami well developed. Lepidepecreoides K.H. Barnard Lepidepecreoides K.H. Barnard, 1931: 426.–K.H. Barnard, 1932: 62.–J.L. Barnard, 1969: 347.–J.L. Barnard, 1971: 40.–Barnard & Karaman, 1991: 495. Diagnosis. Antenna 1 accessory flagellum 2-articulate, terminal article small, offset. Antenna 2 peduncular article 3 short. Gnathopod 1 carpus long (length 2 to 3.9 × breadth). Pereopod 4 coxa with a weak posteroventral lobe (posterior margin concave). Pereopod 5 basis, posterior margin with mid-central spine. Remarks. Originally K.H. Barnard (1931) considered the size of coxa 5 and the placement of the mandibular palp to be important defining characters for the genus. We have not found these characters to be informative. A character not previously considered is the length of peduncular article 3 on antenna 2. The elongate form of peduncular article 3 is a strong synapomorphy for the genus Lepidepecreum. Species of Lepidepecreoides have a short article 3, distinguishing them from species of Lepidepecreum. The elongate carpus of gnathopod 1 also appears to be a significant synapomorphy for some genera within the tryphosine group, a character Lepidepecreoides shares with Lepidepecreum, Tryphosella and Tryphosoides. Two apparent synapomorphies shared by Lepidepecreoides and Tryphosoides are the peculiar offset terminal article on the accessory flagellum and the loss of a well-developed posteroventral lobe on coxa 4. Only species of Lepidepecreoides have a mid-central spine on the basis of pereopod 5. Lowry & Stoddart: southern Lysianassidae (Amphipoda) 337 Figure 1. Lepidepecreoides bassi n.sp. Holotype, 10.0 mm, NMV J47713, Point Hicks, Australia. Key to species of Lepidepecreoides 1 Pleonite 3 produced dorsodistally  2 —— Pleonite 3 not produced dorsodistally  4 2 Gnathopod 1 subchelate  3 —— Gnathopod 1 simple  L. chincui 3 Pereopod 5 basis with rounded posteroventral lobe. Telson with apical robust setae  L. xenopus —— Pereopod 5 basis with wedge-shaped posteroventral lobe. Telson without apical robust setae  L. bassi 4 Telson with apical robust setae  5 —— Telson without apical robust setae  L. talboti 5 Gnathopod 1 palm acute. Coxa 5 without lateral ridge. Urosomite 1 produced dorsally into a recurved spine  L. nubifer —— Gnathopod 1 palm slightly acute. Coxa 5 with distinct lateral ridge. Urosomite 1 produ