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The development of Lactarius lactarius larvae is described based on three relatively poorly preserved specimens, 6 to 23 mm SL. Aspects of adult external morphology and osteology relevant to assessing the relationships of this taxon are also described. Larvae are notable for their limited head spination, large swim bladder and unusual pigmentation. They otherwise resemble carangids. Lactarius possess numerous adult autapomorphies. Previous suggestions that Lactarius is a member of the Sciaenidae, Scombridae or Serranidae are rejected. The conventional placement of Lactarius near the carangoid fishes cannot be rejected. A number of larval and adult characters indicate that Lactarius and Mene are the second and first sister groups, respectively, of the carangoid fishes sensu Smith-Vaniz and Johnson. However, none of these characters are unequivocal, and the relationships of Lactarius remain uncertain pending availability of larvae of the carangoid Nematistius and more larvae of Lactarius. LEIS, J.M., 1994. Larvae, adults and relationships of the monotypic perciform fish family Lactariidae. Records of the Australian Museum 46(2): 131-143. 131 The false trevally or milk trevally, Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) is a pelagic, nearshore, marine fish (Fig. 1) that occurs over soft bottoms on the continental shelf from the Persian Gulf eastward to Taiwan and the Admiralty Islands, and south to Australia and Fiji (Springer, 1982). Kumaran's (1984) report of its occurrence along the east African coast and islands in the western Indian Ocean needs confirmation. The species is common and of commercial importance throughout much of its range (however, Day, 1878, considered the flesh 'insipid'), and is frequently taken in trawls and seines in shallow water. The relationships of this species have been a matter of dispute since the original description. Bloch & Schneider (1801) described the species as a member of Scomber; however, in that genus they also included many pelagic marine species today distributed among several families, including the Scombridae, Carangidae, and Pomatomidae. Cuvier (1829) placed the species in the carangid genus Seriola. Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833) described the genus Lactarius with Scomber lactarius as the type species, and placed it in his "tribe Scomberoides" among such genera as Lichia and Seriola (now in the carangoid family Carangidae), Pomatomus (now in the scombroid family Pomatomidae), and Nomeus, Naucrates and Psenes (now in the stromateoid family Nomeidae). Giinther (1860) placed Lactarius in the Carangidae, but noted it "approaches Sciaenidae", and Day (1878) did not disagree. Seale (1910) agreed with Bloch & Schneider that Lactarius was