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We present observations obtained with the 10-m Keck telescopes of theforbidden SO rovibronic transition at 1.707 micron on Io while in eclipse. Weshow its spatial distribution at a resolution of ~0.12" and a spectralresolution of R ~2500, as well as disk-integrated spectra at a high spectralresolution (R~15,000). Both the spatial distribution and the spectral shape ofthe SO emission band vary considerably across Io and over time. In some casesthe SO emissions either in the core or the wings of the emission band can beidentified with volcanoes, but the largest areas of SO emissions usually do notcoincide with known volcanoes. We suggest that the emissions are caused by alarge number of stealth plumes, produced through the interaction of silicatemelts with superheated SO2 vapor at depth. The spectra, in particular theelevated wing of the emission band near 1.69 micron, and their spatialdistribution strongly suggest the presence of non-LTE processes in addition tothe direct ejection of excited SO from the (stealth and other) volcanic vents.

the planetary science journal

High Spatial and Spectral Resolution Observations of the Forbidden 1.707  micron Rovibronic SO Emissions on Io: Evidence for Widespread Stealth  Volcanism