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Cosmological simulations, as well as mounting evidence from observations,have shown that supermassive black holes play a fundamental role in regulatingthe formation of stars throughout cosmic time. This has been clearlydemonstrated in the case of galaxy clusters in which powerful feedback from thecentral black hole is preventing the hot intracluster gas from coolingcatastrophically, thus reducing the expected star formation rates by orders ofmagnitude. These conclusions have however been almost entirely based on nearbyclusters. Based on new Chandra X-ray observations, we present the firstobservational evidence for massive, runaway cooling occurring in the absence ofsupermassive black hole feedback in the high-redshift galaxy clusterSpARCS104922.6+564032.5 ($z=1.709$). The hot intracluster gas appears to befueling a massive burst of star formation ($\approx900$~M$_\odot$yr$^{-1}$)that is offset by dozens of kpc from the central galaxy. The burst isco-spatial with the coolest intracluster gas but not associated with any galaxyin the cluster. In less than 100 million years, such runaway cooling can formthe same amount of stars as in the Milky Way. Intracluster stars are thereforenot only produced by tidal stripping and the disruption of cluster galaxies,but can also be produced by runaway cooling of hot intracluster gas at earlytimes. Overall, these observations show the dramatic impact when supermassiveblack hole feedback fails to operate in clusters. They indicate that in thehighest overdensities such as clusters and proto-clusters, runaway cooling maybe a new and important mechanism for fueling massive bursts of star formationin the early universe.

Evidence of runaway gas cooling in the absence of supermassive black hole feedback at the epoch of cluster formation