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The relationship between vortex flows at different spatial scales and theircontribution to the energy balance in the chromosphere is not yet fullyunderstood. We perform three-dimensional (3D) radiation-magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) simulations of a unipolar solar plage region at a spatial resolution of10 km using the MURaM code. We use the swirling-strength criterion that mainlydetects the smallest vortices present in the simulation data. We additionallydegrade our simulation data to smooth-out the smaller vortices, so that alsothe vortices at larger spatial scales can be detected. Vortex flows at variousspatial scales are found in our simulation data for different effective spatialresolutions. We conclude that the observed large vortices are likely clustersof much smaller ones that are not yet resolved by observations. We show thatthe vertical Poynting flux decreases rapidly with reduced effective spatialresolutions and is predominantly carried by the horizontal plasma motionsrather than vertical flows. Since the small-scale horizontal motions or thesmaller vortices carry most of the energy, the energy transported by vorticesdeduced from low resolution data is grossly underestimated. In full resolutionsimulation data, the Poynting flux contribution due to vortices is more thanadequate to compensate for the radiative losses in plage, indicating theirimportance for chromospheric heating.

Simulations Show that Vortex Flows could Heat the Chromosphere in Solar Plage