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We present spectra of the most massive quiescent galaxy yet discovered at$z>3$, spectroscopically confirmed via the detection of Balmer absorptionfeatures in the $H-$ and $K-$bands of Keck/MOSFIRE. The spectra confirm agalaxy with no significant ongoing star formation, consistent with the lack ofrest-frame UV flux and overall photometric spectral energy distribution. With astellar mass of $3.1^{+0.1}_{-0.2} \times 10^{11} ~\rm{M}_\odot$ at $z =3.493$, this galaxy is nearly three times more massive than the highestredshift spectroscopically confirmed absorption-line identified galaxy known.The star-formation history of this quiescent galaxy implies that it formed$>1000 ~\rm{M}_\odot$/yr for almost 0.5 Gyr beginning at $z\sim7.2$, stronglysuggestive that it is the descendant of massive dusty star-forming galaxies at$5<z<7$ recently observed with ALMA. While galaxies with similarly extremestellar masses are reproduced in some simulations at early times, such a lackof ongoing star formation is not seen there. This suggests the need for a morerapid quenching process than is currently prescribed, challenging our currentunderstanding of how ultra-massive galaxies form and evolve in the earlyUniverse.

An Extremely Massive Quiescent Galaxy at $z=3.493$: Evidence of Insufficiently Rapid Quenching Mechanisms in Theoretical Models