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Cosmic gas cycles in and out of galaxies, but outside of galaxies it isdifficult to observe except for the absorption lines that circumgalactic cloudsleave in the spectra of background quasars. Using photoionization modeling ofthose lines to determine cloud pressures, we find that galaxies are surroundedby extended atmospheres that confine the clouds and have a radial pressureprofile that depends on galaxy mass. Motivated by observations of theuniverse's most massive galaxies, we compare those pressure measurements withmodels predicting the critical pressure at which cooler clouds start toprecipitate out of the hot atmosphere and rain toward the center. We findexcellent agreement, implying that the precipitation limit applies to galaxiesover a wide mass range.

Circumgalactic Pressure Profiles Indicate Precipitation-Limited Atmospheres for $M_* \sim 10^9$$-$$10^{11.5}\,M_\odot$