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Surface chemistry on cosmic dust grains plays an important role in theformation of molecules at low temperatures in the interstellar andcircumstellar environments. For the first time, we experimentally put inevidence the catalytic role of dust surfaces using the thermal reaction CO2 +2NH3 = NH4+NH2COO-, which is also a proxy of radical-radical reactions.Nanometre-sized amorphous silicate and carbon grains produced in our laboratorywere used as grain analogues. Surface catalysis on grains accelerates thekinetics of the reaction studied at a temperature of 80 K by a factor of up to3 compared to the reaction occurring in the molecular solid. The evidence ofthe catalytic effect of grain surfaces opens a door for experiments andcalculations on the surface formation of interstellar and circumstellarmolecules on dust. Ammonium carbamate on the surface of grains or releasedintact into protostellar or protoplanetary disk phases can give start to anetwork of prebiotic reactions. Therefore, there should be a great interest tosearch for ammonium carbamate and its daughter molecule, carbamic acid, ininterstellar clouds, protostellar envelopes, and protoplanetary disks.

Evidence of surface catalytic effect on cosmic dust grain analogues: the ammonia and carbon dioxide surface reaction