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The widespread prevalence of close-in, nearly coplanar super-Earth- andsub-Neptune-sized planets in multiple-planet systems was one of the mostsurprising results from the Kepler mission. By studying a uniform sample ofKepler "multis" with mass measurements from transit timing variations (TTVs),we show that a given planetary system tends to harbor a characteristic type ofplanet. That is, planets in a system have both masses and radii that are farmore similar than if the system were assembled randomly from planets in thepopulation. This finding has two important ramifications. First, the largeintrinsic compositional scatter in the planet mass-radius relation is dominatedby system-to-system variance rather than intra-system variance. Second, ifprovided enough properties of the star and primordial protoplanetary disk,there may be a substantial degree of predictability in the outcome of theplanet formation process. We show that stellar mass and metallicity account forof order $20\%$ of the variation in outcomes; the remainder is as-yet unknown.

Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius